Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital Heart Disease

                Congenital means present at birth. Therefore, congenital heart disease is a problem with the heart since birth. It may be a defect on the structure or function.

Classification of Congenital Heart Disease

                Congenital heart disease may be classified into two types, namely: cyanotic(blue skin color) and acyanotic. These two are defined based on blood movement through the heart. In cyanotic heart disease, deoxygenated blood moves from right side of heart to left side through abnormal openings. In acyanotic heart disease, oxygenated blood moves from left to right side of the heart and then to the lungs.

menorrhagia: symptoms and treatment

Effects – statistics

Heavy menstrual blood loss is shown to have a measurable effect of the quality of life. According to one study, heavy menstrual blood loss was shown to be associated with a loss of 3.6 weeks of labour lost per year along with 1692 USD per year. It is also known to effect the social interactions and work performance, ultimately causing the women to seek help. It is estimated that about 4-9% of women are affected by heavy menstrual bleeding.

Symptoms

Heavy loss of blood can take its toll on the daily routine and activities, in addition to health.  It may lead to heavy drop in the volume of blood causing severe fatigue, shortness of breath and palpitations that may be even require hospital admission.

Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and it's cause

Heavy Menstrual Bleeding 

Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

Heavy Menstrual bleeding, also known as menorhagia by the medical professionals can be defined as a loss of more than 80-120 ml of menstrual blood loss during one menstrual cycle. In simple terms, this is the estimated quantity of blood that causes anaemia – blood deficiency- when lost during menstruation. But such simplistic view is actually counterproductive for two reasons. Heavy menstrual bleeding is a highly subjective and personal issue. Secondly, this definition requires actually measuring the blood loss, which isn’t very convenient for most of the women suffering from the condition.  A more practical definition of the condition is the soaking of a pad in an hour or less during every menstrual cycle. 

Development of a PID (Pelvic inflammatory disease)

Formation of a pelvic inflammatory disease is not a over night process. The duration of time depends on the causative agent's incubation period. And again to develop a PID (Pelvic inflammatory disease)need some time to spread from the lower genital tract to the upper genital tract. This takes the extra time. Actually the process of development of PID starts from the inflammation of the vulva, Cervix of the uterus then Uterine tube and then ultimately the whole pelvis.
This condition may be caused by some bacteria, Fungus, Virus and parasites.

Causes for Sacroiliac Joint Pain

SI joint pain:

SI joint

The junction of sacrum and Ilium bone is called sacroiliac joint. This joint is very important for the human body as this joint transmits the weight of the body from the vertebral column to the femur. This is mainly a synovial joint of plane variety but it has some fibrous part also. Only the posterior one third of the joint is fibrous. As this joint has a synovial part it can move a bit. This joint has a fibrous articular capsule.

There are two sacroiliac joints in the human body. They are called right and left sacroiliac joint. These two joints are very essential for the formation of boney pelvis. In the modern age sacroiliac joint pain has become a common problem among the middle aged people. There are many causes behind the sacroiliac joint pain. Some of the causes are described below in brief;

What is cancer?

Cancer:

The term cancer generate fear in the mind of all the general people as they think person having cancer will die quickly for sure.It is true for most of the cancers but not for the all.The general people use the term cancer but they do not what it is.The medical term for cancer is neoplasia.Actually cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division.The excessive and uncontrolled mitosis causes cancer.A cancer generally rise from a cell only.For this it is called monoclonal origin.The cell stars to divide and do not stop.And ultimately form a mass of calls that generally called tumor.But all the tumor are not cancer.And even not all the cancers are dangerous for us.

What is fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)?

FNAC

The short form of fine needle aspiration cytology is FNAC.We have another term that is FNAB which means fine needle aspiration biopsy.Actually  FNAC and FNAB are the same.But we use the term FNAC most.This test is invariably done by the the cyto-pathologists.FNAC which is a strong weapon to differentiate a benign tumor from a malignant one was first done at maimonides medical center.It is in USA.And it was the year 1981.

FNAC needle

In the picture you are seeing a fine needle.But in Bangladesh it is not used very much.The pathologists generally use general needle to perform FNAC.By this needle some tissue is taken from the swelling.Then it is examined under the microscope to see as there is any pathology.

Alternative mode of action of thrombin

In the last post I told that there is another interesting mechanism of action of thrombin. The another mode of action is that the activated prothrombin (thrombin) activates more and more platelet as the mediator ADP and Tx2 secreted by activated platelet. Then the activated platelet change there shape and aggrigate to the site of injury. Then they begin to contract and act as a solid mass. And stop bleeding..
Ref: Robins 8th

The misterious activity of thrombin in blood coagulation.

As we all know thrombin is the key player of blood coagulation. And it is activated by prothrombin activator. Then the thrombin causes blood coagulation by converting the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin. After that the fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII) stabilize the clot. This is the most common mechanism we know. But there is another mechanism of action of fibrin and it is really very interesting. Do you know what is that? If yes please tell....

The answer will be available after 2 days...:)

Basic of organ transplant.

Organ transplant :

Organ transplant is a blessing of medical science unless the graft is rejected by the host.Generally a graft is given to the host is rejected when the tissue type of the host and donor do not match.The degree of rejection depends on the degree of mismatch of the tissue type between the donor and the host.When the donor and the host are the same individual (If some tissue of an individual's body taken from any part of his body and grafted an another place of his body)then the graft is not rejected.This is called autograft.A classic example of autograft is skin grafting.This is hugely done in the surgery department.The explanation for what an autograft is not rejected is that the HLA typing(Tissue typing) of the donor and the host is same.As the tissue typing is same no immune response occurs in the host's body.And the graft is not rejected.Someone may ask you How the graft is rejected when the tissue type of the host and donor do not match?The answer is the activation of T-cell.Which is activated during the mismatch and causes necrosis of the graft endangering the life of the host.

Opening post of khulna medical college

Khulna medical college the only medical college of Khulna division,established in 1992.K-20 is the most junior batch of this institute.This blog is for all the students of Khulna Medical College.From now various activity of Khulna Medical College will be posted regularly.All the medical students,teachers along with the all other general people are invited to this blog.Come and have the latest and basic information about modern medical science.